We estimate Eq. (1) by replacing Dij (Bij) with three different sets of dowry and bride price paid to others (i.e., \( \overlinej>> \) and \( \overlinej>> \) , \( \overline> \) and \( \overline> \) , or the community-based dowry and bride price), and three sets of reduced-form estimation results are presented in Table 4. Each panel presents estimation results of a reduced-form regression with a different set of dowry and bride price paid to others. To be comparable with Panel A, the OLS estimation results with women who have at least one brother and one sister are presented in Appendix Table 8. The reduced-form estimation results support the main OLS estimation results shown in Table 2. That is, women enjoy higher status in the ily that tends to exchange higher dowries and when they come from a higher-dowry village, whereas a larger bride price is negatively associated with these same traits. Here, the amount of bride price paid to the wife’s sisters by their in-laws is significantly negatively associated with the wife’s autonomy. The third set, i.e., the community-based dowry and bride price, does not show any significant association with women’s status. This is likely because relatively weaker association between the community-based dowry (bride price) and the personal dowry (bride price) that the bride receives from her parents (in-laws) than other two sets. The estimates for other coefficients are not inconsistent with those shown in Table 2 and are available upon request.
Desk 4 Association ranging from dowry/bride speed (paid back because of the inside-guidelines regarding sisters, others regarding the community and you will community) and you can wife’s position on relationship household (OLS)
cuatro.step 3 Dialogue and robustness monitors
Inside determining the women’s reputation on relationship domestic, the end result of net dowry (dowry without bride to be rate) could possibly get number. Observe that the amount of deferred mehr is included on their own regarding the net dowry because the previous is never paid down except if divorce proceedings takes place and cannot qualify assets produced to the marriage. The outcome suggest that the latest assets delivered on the ount) improve her choice-and come up with energy and you can liberty. Such self-confident connections commonly shocking since the brand new associations away from bride to be rate paid at the time of matrimony work with prevent in order to that from dowry however estimations.
Maybe, a greater age otherwise degree change might weaken the brand new wife’s status on marital household. Including years differences together with education differences (replacement the new partner’s decades and you will knowledge) will not impact the main outcomes, together with coefficients ones details commonly significant (Appendix Table nine, Committee B).
New estimate kadД±nlar Danca techniques is actually frequent of the substitution dowry and bride to be speed having websites dowry (Appendix Dining table 9, Panel A)
That you are going to argue that the amount of decades due to the fact matrimony try important because the end result from dowry (or bride-to-be rates) might be better after marriage. And additionally age given that ount regarding dowry (replacing female’s age during the matrimony) magnifies the bottom effectation of dowry during the women’s flexibility but decreases the magnitude additionally the advantages height in women’s decision-making (Appendix Table nine, Panel C). What this means is you to more substantial dowry escalates the wife’s independence within the this new relationship family after relationship; but not, new organization is not significantly influenced by the latest passage through of years because the wedding.
Zero way of measuring gender ideology is included in the main quote on account of endogeneity concerns. One might believe introduction of these actions get weaken this new connection between dowry and ladies condition on relationship house. Although we dont refuse the chance that needs and you will ideological beliefs regarding gender connections are not built-in and change across the marital lifetime, the latest estimate techniques is actually repeated by the also a couple measures for son preference: the original changeable translates to one if the wife’s most readily useful amount of sons are greater than compared to daughters therefore the next equals you to definitely when the spouse wants to give higher education to help you sons rather than to help you daughters. Controlling for gender ideology does not considerably impact the head estimation performance (Appendix Desk nine, Committee D). Amazingly, ladies decision making try definitely of the son liking. However, it is adversely with the preference getting bringing advanced schooling so you can sons than daughters. A potential interpretation would be the fact highly educated women can be facing gender inequality during the degree and stay so much more empowered about marital family however, favor with way more sons than just daughters. That it appears consistent with specific present knowledge showing one son preference is more common one of extremely educated feminine as opposed to ignorant women for the Southern Asia (Das Gupta 1987; Muhuri and Preston 1991).